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Understanding ADHD: Causes, symptoms, treatment

Last reviewed: June 24, 2024

Understanding ADHD: Causes, symptoms, treatment

Ahmed Raza

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition often diagnosed in children. However, it is important to recognize that ADHD can persist into adulthood. Individuals with ADHD experience differences in brain development that impact their self-control, attention, and focus. This condition can influence various aspects of life, including home, school, work, and social relationships.1

ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males than females. Females with ADHD are more likely to initially exhibit signs and symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity or impulsivity. Many individuals with ADHD also experience comorbid conditions such as anxiety disorders, learning disabilities, depression, conduct disorders, and substance use disorders. It is estimated that ADHD affects approximately 2.5% of adults and 8.4% of children. Typically, it is first identified in school-aged children when they disrupt the classroom environment or struggle academically. 2

Causes of ADHD

Scientists are actively researching the risk factors for ADHD to find better ways to improve the health of individuals with ADHD and reduce the likelihood of developing the condition. While the exact causes and risk factors for ADHD remain unknown, current studies suggest that the condition is largely hereditary.

Recent research indicates a strong genetic component to ADHD, though specific causes have not yet been pinpointed. Studies reveal that about 75% of children with ADHD have a relative who also has the condition.

In addition to genetics, scientists are studying more possible causes and risk factors for ADHD, such as:

Research and studies do not support the commonly held beliefs that ADHD is caused by too much screen time, excessive sugar consumption, poor parenting, or social and environmental factors such as family chaos or poverty. However, addressing some of these factors may help manage certain symptoms of ADHD. Nonetheless, the evidence does not strongly support these as primary causes of ADHD.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing ADHD involves multiple steps and is more complex than diagnosing many other conditions. A single test is not sufficient to diagnose ADHD because its symptoms can resemble those of other issues, such as depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and certain learning disabilities.

To diagnose ADHD, doctors gather information about a child’s behavior, health, and activities from parents and teachers. The diagnostic process also includes a medical examination, such as vision and hearing tests, to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. Typically, the process involves using standardized checklists to rate ADHD symptoms and collecting a comprehensive history from parents, teachers, and the child.

After gathering all the necessary information, doctors diagnose ADHD if:

Many children with ADHD also have learning difficulties, oppositional or defiant behaviors, or mood and anxiety issues. These can be treated alongside ADHD if identified.

For older individuals, it is necessary to confirm that the symptoms were present and noticeable when the person was a child.

Signs and Symptoms

Children with ADHD often struggle with focus and behavior, and these challenges do not typically diminish as they grow older. The symptoms can be severe, leading to difficulties at home, at school, and with friends.

A child with ADHD may:

Types

ADHD has three different types, depending on which types of symptoms are observed in a child:

Treatment

A combination of medication and behavior therapy is often considered the most effective treatment for ADHD. For children aged four to five years, behavior therapy, particularly parental training, is recommended as the initial approach before considering medication. This is crucial for both the child and their parents. Effective treatment plans should involve close monitoring, regular follow-ups, and adjustments as necessary throughout the course of treatment.

Maintaining overall health is essential for all children, especially those with ADHD. Alongside behavioral therapy and medication, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help both the child and the family better manage ADHD symptoms. Some healthy habits to consider include:

Works Cited

References

Last reviewed and updated by on Jun 24, 2024

Dr. Jessica DPN, RN, CEN is a registered nurse and educator with 20 years of experience in critical care emergency nursing, specializing in patient care, education, and evidence-based practice. She holds multiple certifications and serves as a Patient Safety Coordinator.

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